Casino Sites That Accept Amex Australia: What Actually Happens When You Tap
Data current as of 31 October 2026. Cross-checked against the ACMA’s published list of formal warnings and block directions.

American Express sits in a strange corner of the Australian gambling market. The card itself is unrestricted at the network level, but the products it is being asked to pay for are not. Almost every “casino site that accepts Amex” marketed to Australians is an offshore operator the ACMA has already written to. That tension is the page: how Amex works as a method, why it keeps showing up against this exact set of brands, and what flips when an Australian cardholder turns over the lock screen.
Table of Contents
- The Shortlist of Operators That Accept Amex — and What the ACMA Has Already Done
- How Amex Works as a Payment Method at These Sites
- What the Interactive Gambling Act Actually Prohibits
- What Responsible-Gambling Support Actually Covers
- What a Player Will Find at the Other End of the Chain
- Calculating the Blocking Rate
- Practical Take
- Frequently Asked Questions
The Shortlist of Operators That Accept Amex — and What the ACMA Has Already Done
The eleven brands below are not a recommendation. Each has been named in a formal warning issued by the Australian Communications and Media Authority for offering prohibited interactive gambling services to people in Australia. The card acceptance matters because that is the entry point a player actually uses; the ACMA action matters because it tells you which side of the law the operator is on.

| Brand | ACMA action and date | Operator named by the ACMA | Subject support |
|---|---|---|---|
| RocketPlay | Formal warning, March 2026; earlier Dama N.V., May 2022 | Pulsup Ltd (RocketPlay) | — |
| Level Up Casino | Formal warning, May 2022 | Dama N.V. | — |
| Woo Casino | Formal warning, March 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| Spirit Casino | Formal warning, May 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| National Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Consolutetish S.R.L. | — |
| Bizzo Casino | Formal warning, July 2025; earlier TechSolutions, 2022 | Consolutetish S.R.L. | — |
| Ignition Casino | Formal warning, July 2025 | Bamboo Media | — |
| Instant Casino | Formal warning, February 2025 | EOD Code SRL | — |
| Jackbit | Formal warning, April 2026 | Ryker B.V. | — |
| Casino Intense | Formal warning, April 2025 | Sterplay Holding Ltd | — |
| Sky Crown | Formal warning, September 2022 | Hollycorn N.V. | — |
The reason Amex keeps appearing on this list is structural rather than coincidental. Amex’s three-party model — the issuer, the acquirer and the merchant are not all separate entities as they are with Visa and Mastercard — means the brand that takes the deposit often processes it through the same Amex relationship it uses for retail. When a website markets itself to an Australian, it can route the card payment through the same channel it uses for any other customer, and the network sits outside the Australian Payments Plus framework entirely.
What that does not change is the law. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001, as amended in 2017, prohibits the supply of online casino games and online pokies to Australians. Of the eleven brands above, every one is offering exactly that. The ACMA formal warning is the regulator’s published statement that it considers the operator to be in breach. None of the brand write-ups below represents a recommendation to deposit.
For balance, the same eleven brands surface repeatedly in non-Australian listings as “Amex casinos”. Where that listing reports American Express as an accepted payment method at brand level, the page notes it; where it does not, the column carries an em dash rather than a fabricated claim.
RocketPlay (Pulsup Ltd, March 2026)
A formal warning under the IGA was issued over RocketPlay in March 2026 to Pulsup Ltd, naming the Australian-facing domain specifically. An earlier May 2022 warning had gone to Dama N.V. covering a list of brands that included Rocketplay under its previous ownership, so the operator name has shifted while the activity has not.

The same pattern carries over to Rocketplay’s offshore status. An Australian-licensed online casino product does not exist; a Curaçao-registered operator marketing to Australians is the textbook case the IGA was tightened to address. What an Amex cardholder sees on signing up is a familiar layout. What sits behind it is not.
Rocketplay is the freshest entry on this page, but its timing is the part that matters. The March 2026 warning sits six months before Parliament passed the Interactive Gambling Amendment (Gambling Reform) Bill 2026 on 19 August 2026, which tightens advertising and inducement rules further. That gives the regulator a paper trail of complaints already on file.
Level Up Casino (Dama N.V., May 2022)
Level Up is one of six brands covered in the May 2022 Dama N.V. warning that also named Bambet, Dazard, Rocketplay, Wild Tornado and Cobra Casinos. The warning is older but not closed: Dama N.V. has received additional ACMA correspondence since, including the March 2025 and May 2025 warnings that named sibling brands Woo Casino and Spirit Casino in the same group.
The product, the marketing and the payment routing look identical to what was live in 2022. The regulator has had three years to escalate, and the brand has had three years to continue. Neither outcome changes the legal position.
Level Up is the case for the patience angle. Formal warnings from the ACMA are not always the last step: the regulator has used blocking requests, ISP-level referrals and formal published naming against repeat operators. The brand remains live and remains in the listings a cardholder might find first.
Woo Casino (Dama N.V., March 2025)
Woo Casino was the second Dama N.V. brand the ACMA wrote to directly, in March 2025, after the original group warning in 2022. The brand is operated under the same Dama corporate umbrella as Spirit Casino, which received its own warning two months later in May 2025, and as Level Up Casino.
Group structure matters here. Where one corporate entity owns or operates several brands, a warning over one often names siblings through the same parent. A player who switches from Woo to Spirit does not escape the regulator’s interest; they may simply have moved between two of Dama’s separate skins.
Spirit Casino (Dama N.V., May 2025)
Spirit Casino is the May 2025 sibling to Woo Casino in the Dama N.V. set. The operator group is the same; the brand name and the front-end design are different. From an Amex cardholder’s seat, the difference is the URL and the welcome page.
The second-warning effect is what makes Spirit Casino worth including rather than treating it as a duplicate. Warnings issued against the same operator group on different brands read as escalation. The ACMA rarely publishes two brand-specific warnings inside three months unless the first one did not produce a behavioural change.
National Casino (Consolutetish S.R.L., July 2025)
National Casino is one of two brands Consolutetish S.R.L. received a July 2025 warning over, the second being Bizzo Casino. National Casino’s Amex availability, where Australian-facing listings report it, runs through the standard offshore card-acquirer route.
The pairing with Bizzo is the page’s repeated pattern. Two brands under one operator; one warning naming both. A player doing due diligence will check the operator entity, not just the brand. A player doing the minimum check will miss it.
Bizzo Casino (Consolutetish S.R.L., July 2025; earlier TechSolutions, 2022)
Bizzo Casino has been on the ACMA’s published list twice — first under TechSolutions (CY) Group Limited and TechSolutions Group N.V. in 2022, then under Consolutetish S.R.L. in July 2025. The rename and re-registration of the operating entity is itself the point. The product, the marketing copy and the Amex deposit flow remained in place across both registrations.
A cardholder reading the current footer for a licence number will see a different corporate name than the warning in 2022 was issued against. The text of the warning is what tells the second half of the story.
Ignition Casino (Bamboo Media, July 2025)
Ignition Casino was named in the same July 2025 round as the Consolutetish warnings, but to a different operator: Bamboo Media. Ignition is one of the better-known brands in offshore-facing poker and casino affiliates and has carried an Australian-targeted deposit path for years.
The warning to Bamboo Media overlaps a separate, ongoing record. The brand is long-established offshore; the Australian-facing interest is recent in regulator terms. The July 2025 letter is the moment the ACMA named it.
Instant Casino (EOD Code SRL, February 2025)
Instant Casino received its formal warning in February 2025 to EOD Code SRL, under the standard IGA breach language. The brand is heavily marketed through affiliate content describing it as an “instant play” platform with American Express among the listed deposit methods.
The price point on Instant Casino tends to sit in the low-deposit range that this page covers. The fact that the brand meets that description does not change the underlying status: the formal warning runs alongside the marketing.
Jackbit (Ryker B.V., April 2026)
Jackbit is one of two brands named in the ACMA’s April 2026 formal warning to Ryker B.V., the other being CasinOK. The Ryker warning is the most recent entry on this page and the one that lands closest to the publication date. The card-accepting flows marketed on Australian-facing pages for both Ryker brands are described in the same affiliate materials as the rest of the set.
CasinOK does not appear in the body of the page because it sits outside the eleven brand-named cards from §6 of the research. The shared operator matters; the brand listing does not.
Casino Intense (Sterplay Holding Ltd, April 2025)
Casino Intense received its formal warning in April 2025, naming Sterplay Holding Ltd. The brand has carried an Australian-facing deposit path marketed to international audiences for some years. The warning is the regulator’s published notice; the deposit path remains.
Sky Crown (Hollycorn N.V., September 2022)
Sky Crown — together with Blue Leo, the second brand in the same Hollycorn N.V. warning letter — is the oldest formal warning on this page, dated September 2022. The Hollycorn portfolio is one of the more heavily represented operator groups across ACMA’s published register. A player who has used Sky Crown once has likely seen the same corporate name attached to a sibling site via the same card flow.
The 2022 date marks the warning rather than the operator’s activity. Sky Crown continues to be marketed to Australians in affiliate listings. The activity continued; the regulator’s published action did not.
How Amex Works as a Payment Method at These Sites
American Express is not a four-party network. Where Visa and Mastercard move transactions through a separate card-issuer, an acquirer and a payment processor, Amex has historically issued cards and processed them itself, and many of its merchant relationships still run through direct Amex-issued rails. The implication for an offshore casino is practical: the brand that takes an Amex deposit can route it through the same channel it uses for any other Amex-accepting merchant, and the Australian end of the chain sees an Amex transaction at a cardholder, not at a regulator.
What that does not do is move the product inside Australian law. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits the supply of prohibited interactive gambling services — online casino games, online pokies and in-play betting — to people in Australia. The law turns on where the customer is when the offer reaches them, not on where the corporate entity is registered, what licence the footer advertises, or how the payment is routed.
A deposit at an offshore casino leaves an Australian cardholder in a peculiar position. The cardholder is not committing an offence — the IGA targets the provider, not the player. The cardholder is also not covered by Australian consumer protection. No Australian complaints body has jurisdiction over a Curaçao-registered operator; the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission cannot compel a refund from one; AFCA-style dispute resolution is not available; the only practical remedy sits in the offshore operator’s own terms, enforced in an offshore jurisdiction, on an Australian-issued card the player’s own bank may already be flagging at the merchant-code level.
That is the picture beneath the marketing. The card payment is ordinary; the product is prohibited; the protection is absent.
Surcharges, Limits and Card-Level Controls
The Reserve Bank of Australia’s July 2025 review on merchant card payment costs proposed removing surcharges only on eftpos, Mastercard and Visa transactions, explicitly leaving American Express outside the proposed ban. An Australian cardholder paying an Amex surcharge at an offshore casino is therefore paying a surcharge that the Reserve Bank has chosen not to address, through a network that operates on direct merchant terms rather than the four-party model that the surcharge reform was designed for.
The bigger practical limit sits one step further back: at the card itself. Australia’s major banks operate gambling blocks at merchant category level. Westpac’s gambling block refuses authorisation on transactions registered under the “Betting/Casino Gambling” merchant category code across eligible personal credit and debit cards. ANZ’s block, set up inside the ANZ app, also extends to gambling transactions made through a digital wallet such as Apple Pay on an eligible card, not only to the physical card; once activated, it carries a 48-hour cooling-off period before removal and the bank warns that not all gambling transactions will be blocked and some non-gambling transactions might be blocked in error. Commonwealth Bank offers an equivalent gambling lock through the CommBank app, blocking most gambling transactions but again explicitly noting that not every gambling-related purchase will be stopped.
None of the four major Australian banks operates the same kind of category-level sweep on non-Australian card networks in identical form. Amex-issued cards, in particular, run on different merchant-category reporting depending on the issuer’s relationship, and a number of gambling transactions go through under merchant codes that do not map cleanly to MCC 7995. The result for a cardholder is twofold. The block may not catch a deposit that looks like a non-gambling transaction at the network level. A deposit that does get caught will leave a declined-authorisation record that the issuer’s fraud analytics will track.
The consequence lands precisely where the page’s angle sits. An Australian who taps Amex on an offshore casino site finds out whether their own bank has the relevant block in place only when the payment is attempted. By that stage the marketing is already done; the deposit is the test.
What Apple Pay and Google Pay Change — and What They Don’t
By the end of 2025, Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay transactions together represented around 45% of all card payments in Australia by number. The wallet layer changes the cardholder experience — biometric authorisation, no card number written to the merchant’s side — but does not change the underlying transaction. A tokenised Amex transaction through Apple Pay is still an Amex transaction at the network level, and a tokenised debit transaction through Google Pay still settles to the underlying card’s merchant-category status.
Apple’s own published material is explicit on the point: the company does not charge consumer-facing fees for Apple Pay; any surcharge on a transaction comes from the merchant’s card-processing arrangements, not from Apple; transaction limits and PIN requirements are set by the card issuer or the merchant, not by Apple. That is the architecture a cardholder is sitting on top of. The wallet does not loosen the rules; it removes the visibility of the card that triggered them.
For offshore casino deposits the practical effect is mixed. The deposit completes against the tokenised card, not the physical one; the merchant receives a token and an authorisation code; the bank sees a transaction attempt on the underlying card. A card-level gambling block set on the underlying card will still trigger when the wallet initiates the transaction, because the authorisation is still made against the same cardholder account. Where ANZ’s block explicitly extends to “Gambling Transactions made through a digital wallet such as Apple Pay on an eligible card”, the wording also indicates where the gaps can sit for networks whose merchant-category reporting is not as precisely aligned.
PayID, Osko and the Domestic End of the Path
For Australian-licensed wagering — sports and race betting placed before the event, lotteries and keno — PayID and Osko are the practical end of the chain. With Osko, a bank transfer between participating Australian banks arrives in under a minute, 24/7 including weekends, addressed either to a BSB and account number or to a PayID. PayID is registered against an account and shows the name of the account holder before the transfer is sent; AP+ warns that being asked to transfer money to a PayID on an illegal gambling site almost certainly means a scam site.
By April 2025 more than 25 million PayID identifiers had been registered on Australia’s New Payments Platform; over 100 Australian financial institutions offer PayID-based instant transfers; and the platform’s monthly outages are constrained to no more than two minutes. BPAY, run by Australian Payments Plus (the merged entity that also operates PayID and Osko), sits at the bill-payment end of the same ecosystem, available in the online banking of over 140 Australian banks and financial institutions and offered by over 95,000 businesses.
That ecosystem is built for Australian-licensed products. Offshore casinos do not route deposits through it — a PayID or a BSB-based transfer is the kind of instant account-to-account payment the offshore sites do not accept, partly because the holder-name check a PayID triggers is a quality of evidence they do not want on their books. The Amex card sits on the other side of that line. It is the offshore layer’s standard rail; PayID and Osko are the onshore one. The two payment rails are tracking two different regulatory regimes.
What the Interactive Gambling Act Actually Prohibits
The Interactive Gambling Act 2001, tightened by the Interactive Gambling Amendment Act 2017, makes it an offence to provide online casino games, online pokies or in-play betting to a person in Australia. No state or territory issues licences for those products; the Northern Territory Racing and Wagering Commission, which regulates 52 of Australia’s online bookmakers for tax reasons, has no full-time staff and meets once a month in Darwin — that is the regulator that does license wagering on race and sport before the event, not online casino games.
The credit-card and credit-related product ban on licensed online wagering took effect on 11 June 2024; penalties reach $247,500 for operators. That is the rail the licensed product runs on: debit cards, bank transfer, PayID/Osko and BPAY, with no credit card and no crypto. A site asking an Australian for a credit card or a crypto deposit is operating outside the Australian rules. The Australian-licensed wagering product — which is what BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, is connected to — runs inside that frame. Offshore casino sites are not.
The enforcement pattern shows how the rule bites. As of June 2026, the ACMA had asked Australian ISPs to block 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites since the first blocking request in November 2019, and more than 230 unlicensed gambling services had left the Australian market since the regime was strengthened in 2017. The June 2026 round alone added 12 more sites in one direction: 7Signs, ChromaBet, Donbet, Duospin, Freshbet, Slots Gem, Jacks Club, Lucky Start, Pointsbetz, Spinrise, Vinyl Casino and Wildsino. A blocking request does not read as a one-off: the cumulative total is the regulator’s behavioural record against the offshore market.
Tax sits a layer above the rest and is a separate frame from the gambling rules. Gambling winnings of a recreational player are not assessable income in Australia under section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, and losses are not deductible; the picture changes if a person carries on a business of gambling, and that is the modelling assumption only — the ATO, not the page, is where the line is drawn for a given player.
The 2026 reform track completes the frame but does not yet bind. The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Gambling Reform) Bill 2026 passed Parliament on 19 August 2026; its advertising and inducement measures commence on 1 January 2027. On a page dated 2026 that is law with a start date, not yet in force — which is why the picture above is the 2026 state of play and not the 2027 one.
What Responsible-Gambling Support Actually Covers
The Australian responsible-gambling supports are designed for the licensed product. BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, has been live since August 2023; the register binds Australian-licensed online and phone wagering services, which means the sports and race bookmakers licensed in the Northern Territory under the NTRWC, not offshore casino sites. A player who self-excludes through BetStop and then deposits at an offshore casino has not used the register, has not been caught by it, and has no recourse through it.
What does cover the offshore case is the National Gambling Helpline — 1800 858 858, free and 24/7, with chat available at Gambling Help Online. That is the practical support a player can reach regardless of where they deposited. The helpline does not adjudicate complaints against operators; it offers counselling, financial counselling referral and ongoing support, and it is the place where offshore losses, declined withdrawals and disputes can be talked through with someone who is not the operator.
The card-level gambling blocks — Westpac, ANZ, Commonwealth Bank — sit alongside the helpline as a layer a player can switch on independently. They work at the merchant-category level on eligible cards, include the digital-wallet extensions that ANZ’s product now covers, and are explicitly imperfect (the banks warn that not all gambling transactions will be blocked and some non-gambling transactions might be caught in error). What they give a cardholder is a filter between the tap and the authorisation. What they cannot give is an Australian-licensed product on the other end of that tap.
The Australian Banking Association’s published position, and each of the major banks’ own pages, frames the gambling block as a cardholder choice. The architecture assumes a licensed product on the merchant side and treats the merchant-category code as a reliable signal. Where the merchant code does not match what the cardholder thought they were paying for, the architecture is the part that fails first.
What a Player Will Find at the Other End of the Chain
The practical route from this page to a deposit runs through an offshore brand to a card transaction at the merchant’s bank, with an Australian-issued card on the cardholder end. The information that helps a player decide whether to deposit at any of these brands is summarised below in three layers — what the law says, what the regulator has done, and what the card is configured to do.
What the law says is that the product is prohibited. The eleven brands above are all offering a prohibited interactive gambling service to Australians. That the warning letters and the deposit pages coexist on the same site is not a contradiction in the regulator’s mind: it is the contradiction that produces the next blocking request.
What the regulator has done is publish formal warnings against every operator on this list, in some cases more than once. The published register is the cardholder’s primary source for that record. The §6 facts across the page trace the dates and the operating entities so the timing and the corporate structure can be cross-referenced.
What the card is configured to do is set by the cardholder’s bank. A gambling block, where one is in place, will refuse authorisation on a transaction that registers under the relevant merchant code. Where one is not in place, the transaction will attempt to clear. Either outcome is informative; neither is the same as a guarantee.
The judgement for a cardholder sits at the interface. The card is ordinary. The product is prohibited. The protection is offshore. Where the player is on those three sentences is where the page stops.
Calculating the Blocking Rate
The arithmetic here is the regulator’s record translated into a per-year rate. The ACMA had asked Australian ISPs to block 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites as of June 2026, with the first blocking request going out in November 2019. That is 1,751 sites over roughly six and a half years of enforcement under the strengthened regime. Divided by year, that sits in the high-200s-per-year band — closer to 270 than to 300 on a flat average, with the actual annual rate higher in some years and lower in others as the regulator issues batching block requests.
The condition matters. The figure assumes only sites added to the regulator’s block list are counted, and only from the date of the first blocking request. Sites that left the Australian market voluntarily — the “more than 230 unlicensed gambling services” figure H2 Gambling Capital tracks — are not in the denominator. Sites added by later batches in the same year are not double-counted. On those conditions the band is what it is: an enforcement metric that runs in the high two-hundreds per year, with a clear acceleration pattern toward the 2024-2026 reporting window.
What the rate does not say is how long any one site stays live before it is blocked, how often players encounter a blocked domain on a search result, or what share of the operating offshore market the listed names cover. The aggregate figure and the increment are different measurements, and the block rate is the easier one to state. The enforcement outcome is the harder one to read against any specific brand.
Practical Take
The short version sits in three sentences. American Express is unrestricted at the network level — the card itself works wherever an offshore casino chooses to accept it, with no Australian credit-card ban on the offshore side and no surcharge reform that would touch Amex under the RBA’s current proposal. The product the card is being used to pay for is prohibited under the Interactive Gambling Act, and every brand the page has named has been the subject of a published ACMA formal warning. The card-level controls the Australian banks have built are the only layer a player can switch on independently, and even those are imperfect — the merchant category code is the signal they depend on, and offshore casino flows do not always carry it cleanly.
A note on the consumer-protection question: no offshore brand in the table above sits inside any Australian complaints or dispute-resolution framework. A declined withdrawal at any of the eleven names carries no AFCA pathway, no ACMA remedy, no ACCC compulsion. The cardholder’s only practical levers are the issuing bank’s block and the operator’s own terms. Both can be turned on; neither can make the product licensed.
A note on the rate at which the regulatory picture is moving: the enforcement record the page draws from has accelerated since the 2024 credit-card ban on licensed wagering, the 2026 reform Bill, and the August 2026 passage of the new advertising and inducement framework. The block rate is one metric; the warning-letter pattern is another. Both have been running ahead of the prior year for the last twelve months. That is the direction the page’s angle points to — what the consequence will look like, and when the next batch lands.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it legal for an offshore casino site to accept American Express from an Australian visitor?
No. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001, as amended in 2017, makes it an offence to provide online casino games, online pokies or in-play betting to a person in Australia; the ACMA has issued formal warnings against every brand on this page for doing exactly that. Accepting Amex does not change the status of the product; the card payment is processed on the offshore side, but the offer to an Australian customer is what the IGA prohibits. The cardholder is not prosecuted, but has no Australian consumer protection either.
How quickly does an American Express transaction typically settle at an offshore casino?
Settlement times at offshore casinos vary by operator, and the published marketing usually quotes “instant” deposits and 24-72 hour withdrawals once approved; the figures on operator pages are operator-published and have not been independently verified for this page. The Amex network itself is not the constraint — Amex authorisations typically clear within seconds at the card-level, with the longer delays sitting in the operator’s own withdrawal queue rather than at the network. A player testing withdrawal speed with a small amount first is the practical move where it is allowed at all.
Does using American Express offer any buyer protection if an offshore site refuses to pay out?
Not in a way that covers a gambling dispute. Amex’s general dispute and refund mechanisms apply to non-delivery of goods and services, but the offshore wagering sector sits at the edge of those protections, with operator-side terms typically limiting chargeback rights on completed transactions. An Australian cardholder dealing with a declined withdrawal has no AFCA pathway, no ACMA remedy, and no ACCC compulsion against an offshore operator. The card-level gambling block the major Australian banks offer is a pre-emptive filter; it is not a refund mechanism.
Can American Express be used to fund a licensed, land-based venue in Australia the same way it’s used online?
Yes, with normal merchant terms. Australian-licensed wagering is the only regulated online gambling product in Australia, and credit cards cannot be used for it under the 11 June 2024 ban; debit cards, bank transfer, PayID, Osko and BPAY are the standard rails. Physical venues — licensed clubs, hotels and casinos operating under state and territory gaming regulation — accept Amex under ordinary merchant terms, including surcharging where applicable, since the credit-card ban applies specifically to online wagering. The onshore market and the offshore one are governed by different rules, and the card payment works differently between them.
Why might a bank block an American Express transaction flagged as gambling-related?
Because the issuer’s gambling block fires at the merchant-category-code level on transactions registered under “Betting/Casino Gambling” and related codes. Westpac, ANZ and Commonwealth Bank all offer that kind of block at the card level, with ANZ also extending it through Apple Pay and Google Pay on the underlying card; the major banks warn that not every gambling-related transaction will be blocked and that some non-gambling transactions may be blocked in error. An Amex deposit that does not map cleanly to a recognised gambling MCC can fall outside the block’s reach, which is why the bank block is a layer of protection rather than a guarantee.
